UNIT I
Thermodynamics I
Terminology – Intensive, extensive variables, state, path functions; isolated, closed and open systems; isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric, cyclic, reversible and irreversible processes; First law of thermodynamics – Concept and significance of heat (q), work (w), internal energy (E), enthalpy (H); calculations of q, w, E and H for reversible, irreversible expansion of ideal and real gases under isothermal and adiabatic conditions; relation between heat capacities (Cp & Cv);
Joule Thomson effect- inversion temperature Thermochemistry – heats of reactions, standard states; types of heats of reactions and their applications; effect of temperature (Kirchhoff’s equations) and pressure on enthalpy of reactions; Hess’s law and its applications; determination of bond energy; Measurement of heat of reaction –determination of calorific value of food and fuels
Zeroth law of thermodynamics-Absolute Temperature scale.

Unit II
Thermodynamics II
Second Law of thermodynamics – Limitations of first law, spontaneity and
randomness; Carnot’s cycle; Concept of entropy, entropy change for reversible and irreversible processes, entropy of mixing, calculation of entropy changes of an ideal gas and a van der Waals gas with changes in temperature, volume and pressure, entropy and disorder.
Free energy and work functions – Need for free energy functions, Gibbs free energy, Helmholtz free energy – their variation with temperature, pressure and volume, criteriafor spontaneity; Gibbs-Helmholtz equation – derivations and applications; Maxwell relationships,thermodynamic equations of state; Thermodynamics of mixing of ideal
gases, Ellingham Diagram-application. Third law of thermodynamics – Nernst heat theorem; Applications of third law – evaluation of absolute entropies from heat capacity measurements, exceptions to third law.

UNIT III
General Characteristics of d-block elements
Transition Elements- Electronic configuration – General periodic trend variable valency, oxidation states, stability of oxidation states, colour, magnetic properties,catalytic properties and tendency to form complexes. Comparative study of transition elements and non transition elements – comparison of II and III transition series with I transition series. Group study of Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron,Cobalt, Nickel and Zinc groups

UNIT IV
Ethers, Thio ethers and Epoxides
Nomenclature, isomerism, general methods of preparations, reactions involving cleavage of C-O linkages, alkyl group and ethereal oxygen. Zeisel’s method of estimation of methoxy group. Reactions of epoxides with alcohols, ammonia derivatives and LiAH4 Thioethers – nomenclature, structure, preparation, properties and uses.
Aldehydes and Ketones Nomenclatue, structure and reactivity of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and ketones; general methods of preparation and physical properties. Nucleophilic addition reactions, base catalysed reactions with mechanism- Aldol, Cannizzaro’s reaction, Perkin reaction, Benzoin condensation, Haloform reaction, Knoevenagel reaction. Oxidation of aldehydes. Baeyer – Villiger oxidation of ketones. Reduction:
Clemmensen reduction, Wolf – Kishner reduction, Meerwein – Pondorf Verley reduction, reduction with LiAlH4 and NaBH4.
Addition reactions of unsaturated carbonyl compounds: Michael addition.

UNIT V
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, structure, preparation and reactions of aliphatic and aromatic monocarboxylic acids. Physical properties, acidic nature, effect of substituent on acidic strength. HVZ reaction, Claisen ester condensation, Bouveault Blanc reduction, decarboxylation,
Hunsdieckerreaction.Formic acid-reducing property.
Reactions of dicarboxylic acids, hydroxy acids and unsaturated acids.
Carboxylic acid Derivatives: Preparations of aliphatic and aromatic acid chlorides, esters, amides and anhydrides. Nucleophilic substitution reaction at the acyl carbon of acyl halide, anhydride, ester, amide. Schottan- Baumann reaction. Claisen condensation, Dieckmann and Reformatsky reactions, Hofmann bromamide degradation and Curtius rearrangement. Active methylene compounds: Keto – enol tautomerism. Preparation and synthetic applications of diethyl malonate and ethyl acetoacetate Halogen substituted acids – nomenclature; preparation by direct halogenation, iodination from unsaturated acids, alkyl malonic acids
Hydroxy acids – nomenclature; preparation from halo, amino, aldehydic and ketonic acids, ethylene glycol, aldol acetaldehyde; reactions – action of heat on ,  and hydroxy acids.