UNIT-I RELATIONAL DATABASES 

Purpose of Database System – Views of data – Data Models – Database
System Architecture – Introduction to relational databases – Relational Model
– Keys – Relational Algebra – SQL fundamentals – Advanced SQL features –
Embedded SQL– Dynamic SQL

UNIT-II DATABASE DESIGN 

Entity-Relationship model – E-R Diagrams – Enhanced-ER Model – ER-toRelational Mapping – Functional Dependencies – Non-loss Decomposition –
First, Second, Third Normal Forms, Dependency Preservation – Boyce/Codd
Normal Form – Multi-valued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form – Join
Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form

UNIT-III TRANSACTIONS 

Transaction Concepts – ACID Properties – Schedules – Serializability –
Transaction support in SQL – Need for Concurrency – Concurrency control
–Two Phase Locking- Timestamp – Multiversion – Validation and Snapshot
isolation– Multiple Granularity locking – Deadlock Handling – Recovery
Concepts – Recovery based on deferred and immediate update – Shadow
paging – ARIES Algorithm

UNIT-IV IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES

RAID – File Organization – Organization of Records in Files – Data dictionary
Storage – Column Oriented Storage– Indexing and Hashing –Ordered Indices
– B+ tree Index Files – B tree Index Files – Static Hashing – Dynamic Hashing
– Query Processing Overview – Algorithms for Selection, Sorting and join
operations – Query optimization using Heuristics – Cost Estimation

UNIT-V ADVANCED TOPICS AND VISUALIZATION 

Distributed Databases: Architecture, Data Storage, Transaction Processing,
Query processing and optimization – NOSQL Databases: Introduction – CAP
Theorem – Document Based systems – Key value Stores – Column Based
Systems – Graph Databases. Database Security: Security issues – Access
control based on privileges – Role Based access control – SQL Injection
– Statistical Database security – Flow control – Encryption and Public Key
infrastructures – Challenges