This lab manual has been prepared according to the new syllabus for the First Semester Diploma in First Year Students. This manual is written in a more explanatory manner covering the syllabus. The step by step procedure in this manual enable the student to understand the concepts easy.

This lab manual covers the latest syllabus Regulation 2023 prescribed by the Director of Technical Education, Chennai.

we owe our gratitude to God almighty and my beloved parents for their blessings.

Our special thanks to M/s. Sri Krishna Publications for supporting us in bringing out this lab manual successfully. Suggestions for improvement of this lab manual will be gratefully acknowledged.

–  C. Gatheesh

–  C. Karthiga

–  J. Jerin Moses

–  P. T. Keerthika

–  S. Ani Sharmy