UNIT I
Gaseous state
Kinetic molecular model of a gas: postulates and derivation from the kinetic gas
equation; The Maxwell –Boltzmann distribution of speed of molecules- average,
root mean square and most probable velocity and average kinetic energy, law of
equipartition of energy, degrees of freedom and molecular basis of heat
capacities. Collision frequency; collision diameter; mean free path and viscosity
of gases.
Real gases: Deviations from ideal gas behaviour, (Andrew’s and Amagat’s
plots); compressibility factor, Z, and its variation with pressure for different
gases. equations of states for real gases-van der Waal’s equation; Virial
equation; Boyle temperature; Numerical problems based on equations of states
for real gases, isotherms of real gases – critical phenomena – isotherms of CO2 –
continuity of state–Van der waal’s equation and the critical state; law of
corresponding states-liquefaction of gases; numerical problems involving the
core concepts.

Unit-II
Liquid and Solid State
Properties of Liquids- Surface tension, viscosity and their applications.
Crystalline and amorphous – differences – geometry, isotropy and anisotropy,
melting point; isomorphism, polymorphism.
Crystals –size and shape; laws of crystallography; symmetry elements – plane,

centre and axis; Miller indices, unit cells and space lattices; classification of
crystal systems; Bravais lattices; X – ray diffraction – Bragg’s equation
Packing in atomic solids – simple cubic, body centered cubic, face centered and
hexagonal close packing; Co-ordination number in typical structures – NaCl,
CsCl, ZnS, TiO2; comparison of structure and properties of diamond and
graphite;.numerical problems involving core concepts
Defects in solids – stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects.
Liquid crystals – classification and applications.

UNIT-III
Nuclear Chemistry
Natural radioactivity – alpha, beta and gamma rays; half-life period; Fajan–
Soddy group displacement law; Geiger–Nattal rule; isotopes, isobars, isotones,
mirror nuclei, iso diaphers; nuclear isomerism; radioactive decay series; magic
numbers; units – Curie, Rutherford, Roentgen; nuclear stability – neutron- proton
ratio; binding energy; packing fraction; mass defect. Simple calculations
involving mass defect and B.E., decay constant and t1/2 and radioactive series.
Isotopes – uses – tracers – determination of age of rocks by radiocarbon dating.
(Problems to be worked out)
Nuclear energy; nuclear fission and fusion – major nuclear reactors in India;
radiation hazards, disposal of radioactive waste and safety measures.
.
UNIT-IV
Halogen derivatives
Aliphatic halogen derivatives
Nomenclature and classes of alkyl halides – isomerism, physical properties,
Chemical reactions. Nucleophilic substitution reactions – SN1, SN2 and SNi
mechanisms with stereochemical aspects and effect of solvent.
Di, Tri & Tetra Halogen derivatives: Nomenclature, classification, preparation,
properties and applications of CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4.
Aromatic halogen compounds
Nomenclature, preparation, properties and uses
Mechanism of nucleophilic aromatic substitution – benzyne intermediate.
Aryl alkyl halides
Nomenclature, benzyl chloride – preparation – preparation properties and uses
Alcohols: Nomenclature, classification, preparation, properties, use; conversions
– ascent and descent of series; test for hydroxyl groups. Oxidation of diols by
periodic acid and lead tetraacetate.

UNIT-V
Phenols
Nomenclature; classification, Preparation from diazonium salts, cumene, Dow’s process, Raching process; properties – acidic character and effect of substitution on acidity. Reactions – Fries, claisen rearrangement, Electrophilic substitution reactions, Reimer – Teimen, Kolbe, Schmidt, Gatermann synthesis, Libermann,
nitro reaction, phthalein reaction.
Resorcinol, quinol, picric acid – preparation, properties and uses.
Aromatic alcohols
Nomenclature, benzyl alcohol – methods of preparation – hydrolysis, reduction
of benzaldehyde, Cannizzaro reaction, Grignard synthesis, physical properties,
reactions – reaction with sodium, phosphorus pentachloride, thionyl chloride,
acetic anhydride, hydrogen iodide, oxidation – substitution on the benzene
nucleus, uses.
Thiols: Nomenclature, structure, preparation and properties.