Unit I      WATER ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT

Sources of water – depletion of underground water – Reasons – Hard water and soft water – Hardness of water – Carbonate and Non–carbonate hardness – Methods of expressing hardness – mg/lit and ppm – Estimation of total hardness by EDTA method –simple Problems on total hardness only — identification of sulphate and chloride ions- identification of heavy metal ions in the given sample of effluent- Softening of hard water – Ion-Exchange method and Reverse Osmosis-Calculation of pH, H+ ion and TDS of different samples of acid and base

Unit II BATTERIES AND CELLS

Metallic and electrolytic conduction –differences- Faradays laws of electrolysis- electronic concept of oxidation and reduction – electroplating- definition- examples-chrome plating, copper plating and galvanization-Energy sources – Primary and secondary battery- electrochemical cell – construction and working of dry cell – lead acid battery – advantages construction and working of solar cell.