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SENSORS AND ACTUATORS                                                                                                PRACTICUM 
  Syllabus Contents

Theory Portion
UNIT I: SENSORS Period
Resistance, Inductance and Capacitive Sensors: Definition – Classificatio
Sensors/Transducers – Elements of measurement system – Primary Sensing
Elements (Bellows, Bourdon Tube) – Potentiometer – Linear potentiometer – Rotary
potentiometer – Load Cell – Strain Gauge Load Cell – Linear Variable Differential
Transformer (LVDT) – Rotary – Variable Differential Transformer (RVDT) – DC
Tachogenerator – AC Tachogenerator – Principles of Capacitive Sensors – Hall
effect sensor.
Temperature Sensors: Thermocouple – Resistance Temperature Detector
–Thermistor – Infrared (IR) thermometer.
Proximity Sensors: Inductive Proximity Sensor – Capacitive Proximity Sensor –
Photoelectric Proximity Sensor – Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor – Basic Reed Switch.
Light Sensor: Photodiode – Phototransistor – Photoconductive Cell – Photovoltaic
Cells – Bar Code Reader – Shaft Encoders – Encoder Types (Incremental Encoder,
Absolute Encoder) – Optical Shaft Encoder – Photoelectric Tachometer.
Arduino Compatible Sensor : Voltage Sensor – Current Sensor – LM35 Sensor –
Ultrasonic Sensor – Force Sensor – Moisture Sensor – Gas Sensor.

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Practical Exercises:
Ex.No Name of the Experiment Period
1. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Activities to Perform:
i) Construct a circuit to measure Temperature of Liquid using
Thermistor or Thermocouple or RTD.
ii) Also find the graphical relationship between input and outpu

2. BEHAVIOUR OF PROXIMITY SENSORS
Activities to Perform:
i) Observe the behaviour of Inductive proximity sensor and
Capacitive Proximity sensor for different material samples.
ii) Interface relay and buzzer with sensors to test the output.

3. LVDT
Activities to Perform:
i) Construct a circuit for Measurement of Linear Displacement
using LVDT.
ii) Find the graphical relationship between input and output.

4. PERFORMANCE OF LIGHT SENSOR
Activities to Perform:
i) Construct a circuit to obtain the VI characteristics and Response
Characteristics of Photoconductive Cell (LDR).
ii) Construct a circuit to measure the speed of the motor using
Optical Sensor.

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5. PERFORMANCE OF ULTRASONIC AND MOISTURE SENSORS
Activities to Perform:
i) Interface Ultrasonic sensor with Arduino and measure the
distance of the object.
ii) Interface Moisture sensor with Arduino and measure the moisture
content in the soil.

UNIT II: ACTUATORS
Electrical Actuators: General aspects – Switching Devices – Mechanical Switches
(Push button – SPST –SPDT – Limit Switch – Solenoid – Relays) – Solid State
switches (Diode, Transistor and Thyristor) – DC Motors – AC Motors – Stepper
Motors – Servo Motors.
Pneumatic Actuators: Introduction – Components of a Pneumatic Systems
–Linear actuators – Construction and working of Single acting and Double acting
cylinders – Rotary Actuators – Air Motors – Types of Air Motors – Piston type Motor,
Vane Motor, Turbine Motor – Applications of Air Motors.
Hydraulic Actuators: Hydraulic Power Supply – Components of Hydraulic system –
Linear actuators – Construction and working of Single acting and Double acting
cylinders – Applications of Hydraulic Cylinders – Some example mechanism driven
by an Hydraulic cylinders – Rotary Actuators – Hydraulic Motors – Advantages and
Applications of Hydraulic Motors.

Practical Exercises:
Ex.No Name of the Experiment Period
6. OBSERVE THE BEHAVIOUR OF TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
Activities to Perform:
i) Construct a circuit to get ON/OFF control on DC Motor using
Push Button, SPST, SPDT and Limit Switch.
ii) Construct a circuit to get ON/OFF control on DC Motor using
Transistor and Relay.

7. FORWARD AND REVERSE CONTROL OF AC MOTOR
Activities to Perform:
i) Connect Forward Reverse Control switch to change the direction
of rotation of three phase induction motor.
ii) Demonstrate the Forward and Reverse operation of Motor.

iii) Measure the No-Load current in each phase using Tongue tester
(Clamp Meter).

8. PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT FOR DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
Activities to Perform:
i) Construct a Pneumatic Circuit to control double acting pneumatic
cylinder using 5/2 Solenoid Valve.
ii) Discuss the behaviour of cylinder as linear actuator.

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9. OBSERVE THE BEHAVIOUR OF HYDRAULIC MOTOR
Activities to Perform:
i) Construct a Hydraulic Circuit to control Hydraulic Motor.
ii) Observe the behaviour of Hydraulic Motor.

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10. SERVO MOTOR CONTROL WITH AN ARDUINO
Activities to Perform:
i) Construct an Arduino based circuit to sweeps the shaft of servo
motor back and forth across 180 degree.
ii) Interface potentiometer with Arduino and based on its position
get the control of servo motor shaft.